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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Caregivers Introduction: Understanding ALL Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), also called acute lymphocytic leukaemia, is a rapidly progressing cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It affects the lymphoid lineage of white blood cells, particularly immature lymphoblasts. These abnormal cells multiply uncontrollably, crowding out normal blood cells and impairing immune function. ALL primarily occurs in children but also affects adults, with varying treatment responses and outcomes between age groups. Prevalence and Global Burden According to the GLOBOCAN 2022 estimates: Worldwide incidence: ~64,000 new ALL cases annually Children: ALL is the most common paediatric cancer, accounting for about 75–80% of all childhood leukaemia cases, with peak incidence between ages 2 and 5. Adults: Less common but more aggressive, representing ~20% of adult leukaemia cases, with poorer prognosis compared to paediatric ALL. In India, ALL contributes significantly to childhood cancer burden. The ICMR-NCDIR data shows an annual incidence of 4–5 cases per 100,000 children, with improving survival rates in urban centres due to better access to specialized care. How Does ALL Develop? ALL begins in the bone marrow, where early lymphoid progenitor cells (typically B or T cell lineage) undergo genetic mutations, disrupting normal differentiation and triggering uncontrolled proliferation. As these immature lymphoblasts multiply, they spill into the bloodstream and infiltrate organs like the liver, spleen, and central nervous system (CNS), causing systemic symptoms and complications. Causes and Risk Factors The exact cause is often unknown, but multiple factors can contribute: Genetic predisposition: Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and other hereditary syndromes Prenatal chromosomal changes: Like TEL-AML1 fusion Radiation or chemical exposure: High-dose radiation or previous chemotherapy Infections and immune system factors: Delayed infections during childhood might alter immune regulation Family history: Siblings with ALL carry a slightly increased risk Genomic Landscape of ALL ALL is a genomically diverse disease, and molecular subtyping is critical for personalized treatment. Key genetic abnormalities include: 🔹 B-Cell ALL Genomics Hyperdiploidy: >50 chromosomes in cells; good prognosis in children ETV6-RUNX1 fusion: Favourable outcome Ph-positive (BCR-ABL1): Common in adults; poor prognosis unless treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) Ph-like ALL: BCR-ABL1-like gene expression with kinase-activating lesions; high-risk 🔹 T-Cell ALL Genomics NOTCH1 mutations: Common, often targetable TAL1, LMO1/2 alterations Early T-precursor (ETP) ALL: Aggressive subtype with high relapse risk Comprehensive genomic profiling (e.g., using next-generation sequencing, FISH, PCR) guides risk stratification and targeted therapy selection. Symptoms of ALL Symptoms are often non-specific and may mimic common infections: Fatigue, pallor (due to anaemia) Fever, frequent infections (due to neutropenia) Easy bruising, bleeding (from low platelets) Bone or joint pain Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen CNS symptoms (in advanced cases): headache, vomiting, visual changes Diagnosis Accurate diagnosis involves: Complete blood count (CBC): Shows blasts, anaemia, and low platelets Peripheral smear and bone marrow aspiration/biopsy: Confirm diagnosis and estimate blast percentage Immunophenotyping (flow cytometry): Classifies B vs T cell ALL Cytogenetics and molecular tests: Identify high-risk genetic features Lumbar puncture: Checks for CNS involvement Treatment Approaches Treatment for ALL is intensive and often spans 2–3 years, especially in children. Chemotherapy Induction phase: Eliminates most leukemic cells (first 4–6 weeks) Consolidation: Prevents regrowth using high-dose chemo Maintenance: Low-intensity therapy over 1–2 years Drugs include vincristine, corticosteroids, L-asparaginase, anthracyclines, methotrexate, cytarabine Targeted Therapy Imatinib, Dasatinib: For BCR-ABL1 (Ph-positive) ALL Ruxolitinib: In Ph-like ALL with JAK mutations Venetoclax: Investigated in relapsed cases NOTCH1 pathway inhibitors: In T-cell ALL (clinical trials) Immunotherapy Blinatumomab: BiTE antibody that links CD3 (T-cells) and CD19 (B-cells) Inotuzumab ozogamicin: Anti-CD22 antibody-drug conjugate CAR T-cell therapy (e.g., tisagenlecleucel): For relapsed/refractory B-cell ALL in children and young adults Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recommended for high-risk patients or those who relapse. Best outcomes when done in first remission with a matched donor. Recent Advances Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) monitoring using flow cytometry or PCR helps detect low levels of leukaemia post-treatment Genomics-guided therapy: Enables better risk-adapted treatment Shorter, more effective chemo protocols: Especially in paediatric ALL New trials: Combining targeted therapy with standard chemo for improved outcomes Prevention and Lifestyle During & After Treatment Though ALL can’t be fully prevented, minimizing risk factors (e.g., radiation exposure, healthy pregnancy) is beneficial. During treatment: Eat a neutropenic-safe diet: well-cooked food, avoid raw meats Hydrate well and manage nausea, mucositis, and constipation Maintain good oral hygiene Prevent infections: regular handwashing, avoid crowds Vaccinations may be paused temporarily Gentle exercise and physical therapy to reduce fatigue After treatment: Annual follow-ups with bone marrow and MRD tests Monitor for late effects: cardiac toxicity, infertility, secondary cancers Balanced diet rich in protein, iron, and antioxidants Emotional recovery and school/work reintegration support Psychological and Emotional Impact Living with or caring for someone with ALL can be emotionally taxing. Children especially need a strong support system to cope with: Fear of relapse Isolation during long hospital stays Anxiety around chemotherapy and side effects Academic or social setbacks Support options include: Paediatric psycho-oncologists Family counselling and caregiver support groups Art/music/play therapy Survivorship programs Conclusion: Hope with Healing At Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics, under the expert guidance of Dr. Mangesh Kamath and his team, we emphasize personalized, evidence-based care for ALL patients—tailoring treatment to each patient’s genetic profile, age, and risk status. With significant advancements in therapy, especially for children, survival rates have dramatically improved, and the future of ALL treatment continues to get brighter. Remember: Early diagnosis, genomic testing, adherence to treatment, and emotional support are the cornerstones of overcoming ALL. Book an Appointment

Understanding Sarcoma: A Rare but Treatable Cancer – With Expert Care at Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics At Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, we believe that every patient deserves global-standard care—right here at home. Here’s how we are making that possible: Multidisciplinary Neuro-Oncology Team Our team includes oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, pathologists, and palliative care specialists who work together to design personalized treatment plans. Access to Precision Medicine We offer molecular tumor profiling to identify genetic mutations and match patients with targeted therapy or clinical trials where applicable. Advanced Diagnostics Healius provides access to high-resolution MRI, PET-CT, and biopsy with histopathology, enabling accurate diagnosis and monitoring. Patient-Centered Support We go beyond medical treatment with support services like: Psychological counseling Nutrition planning Caregiver guidance Rehabilitation and follow-up care Looking Ahead: Hope Through Research and Compassionate Care While glioblastoma remains one of the most difficult cancers to treat, innovation, early diagnosis, and integrative care are key to improving outcomes. We remain dedicated to bridging the gap between global advances and accessible, affordable cancer care in Bangalore. If You or a Loved One is Facing a Brain Tumor Diagnosis Reach out to Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics for expert consultation, second opinions, and access to advanced glioblastoma care. 📞 Call us today : +91 9900613143 Or🌐 Visit: www.healiuscancerhematology.com to book your appointment. Book an Appointment

Understanding Sarcoma: A Rare but Treatable Cancer – With Expert Care at Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics Sarcoma is a rare group of cancers that begin in the bones or soft tissues such as fat, muscle, nerves, blood vessels, or connective tissues. Unlike more common cancers, sarcomas can occur anywhere in the body and are known for their diverse subtypes. They are broadly classified into bone sarcomas (like osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma) and soft tissue sarcomas (such as liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma). 📊 Prevalence in India Sarcomas account for less than 1% of all adult cancers and around 15% of all childhood cancers. In India, the burden is slowly being recognized, particularly among the paediatric and young adult population. Due to their rarity, sarcomas are often misdiagnosed or diagnosed late, making expert multidisciplinary care crucial. 🧬 Causes and Hereditary Factors While the exact cause of sarcoma remains unknown in most cases, several risk factors have been identified: Genetic syndromes like Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, and hereditary retinoblastoma increase the risk. Radiation exposure from prior cancer treatment. Certain chemical exposures and chronic swelling (lymphedema). Some cases emerge without any known risk factors. 👶 Impact on Children Sarcomas like rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma are among the most common childhood cancers. These diagnoses can deeply affect the child’s physical growth, emotional development, and social interactions, making compassionate and comprehensive care essential. 👶 Impact on Children – Special Focus on Neural-Origin Sarcomas Sarcomas such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and osteosarcoma are among the most common in children. However, a smaller subset of paediatric sarcomas arises from the neural tissue, such as Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours (MPNST). These neural-origin sarcomas are often linked to genetic conditions like Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and may present as rapidly enlarging, deep-seated, and painful masses. Their aggressive behavior and potential to affect vital nerve structures make early diagnosis and expert management crucial. At Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics, children with such rare tumours receive specialized, age-appropriate care under the guidance of Dr. Mangesh Kamath, with a focus on: Preserving neurological function Ensuring optimal tumour control Supporting the child’s psychological and developmental health Our team works closely with paediatric surgeons, neurologists, psychologists, and rehabilitation experts to deliver holistic care and improve long-term quality of life. 💊 Treatment Options at Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics Under the expert guidance of Dr. Mangesh Kamath, a renowned medical oncologist, sarcoma patients at Healius receive personalized and evidence-based treatment plans that may include: Surgery to remove the tumor with maximum tissue preservation Radiation therapy for local control, especially when surgery isn’t feasible Chemotherapy for aggressive or metastatic disease Targeted therapy and immunotherapy in select cases based on genetic profiling Each patient benefits from a multidisciplinary tumor board discussion, ensuring optimal treatment planning and sequencing. ❤️‍🩹 Coping With Treatment and Beyond Sarcoma treatment can be intense and long-term, affecting both the patient and their family. At Healius, our holistic approach includes: Psychological counseling and emotional support Nutritional guidance to aid recovery and manage treatment side effects Physiotherapy and rehabilitation to restore function and mobility Survivorship care plans for long-term monitoring and quality of life We walk hand-in-hand with caregivers, providing education, support groups, and respite care resources. 🏥 Why Choose Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics? At Healius, we believe every sarcoma patient deserves precision medicine with a human touch. Under the leadership of Dr. Mangesh Kamath, we combine advanced oncology with compassionate care. From diagnosis to survivorship, we ensure that no patient feels alone in their journey. Healius – where expertise meets empathy. Book an Appointment

Exercise & Cancer Recovery: How Physical Activity Can Lower Recurrence and Improve Quality of Life When it comes to cancer recovery and prevention, most patients focus on treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. However, emerging research and clinical insights are now highlighting another powerful ally in the fight against cancer — exercise. Dr. Mangesh P Kamath, Senior Consultant at Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, one of the leading cancer hospitals in Bangalore, emphasizes the role of regular physical activity in reducing the risk of cancer recurrence and improving survival outcomes. “Exercise can be done in different levels: low, moderate, and high intensity,” says Dr. Kamath. “Since it can be difficult for patients to do high-intensity exercises during or after cancer treatment, moderate exercises like brisk walking or sports like badminton are recommended.” According to studies and clinical experience, moderate physical activity can reduce the risk of cancer recurrence by nearly 30%. Moreover, more than one-third of patients showed a significantly lower risk of death when they incorporated exercise into their post-treatment lifestyle. More Than Just Colon Cancer While the benefits of exercise in preventing the recurrence of colon cancer are well known, Dr. Mangesh Kamath highlights that regular physical activity also plays a preventive role in other cancers such as breast cancer and lung cancer. “Not just colon cancer, exercise can also help prevent the risk of occurrence of many cancers, such as breast and lung cancer, increasing the overall quality of life,” he adds. Why Healius Emphasizes Holistic Cancer Care At Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, patient care goes beyond just medication. The team of expert oncologists and specialists believes in a holistic approach to cancer treatment — integrating physical well-being, emotional support, and long-term lifestyle management. Whether you’re undergoing active treatment or are in remission, our experts at Healius will guide you through safe, customized fitness plans that support your recovery journey. Your Next Step Towards Recovery If you or a loved one is navigating through cancer, it’s important to not only rely on medical treatments but also embrace lifestyle changes that improve outcomes. Exercise is one of the most accessible yet powerful tools you can use. For expert guidance and compassionate care, visit Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, a trusted cancer hospital in Bangalore offering evidence-based, patient-centered cancer treatment. Book a consultation with Dr. Mangesh P Kamath and take a step toward recovery with confidence. 📍 Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics | Bangalore🌐www.healiuscancerhematology.com📞 Call us today to know more! +91 9900613143 Book an Appointment

Vaping: The Modern Danger Lurking Behind Flavored Smoke  An awareness blog by Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics In recent years, vaping has become a popular trend—especially among teens and young adults—marketed as a “safer” alternative to smoking. But behind the fruity flavors and sleek devices lies a serious health risk that often goes unnoticed. At Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, we are committed to raising awareness about the dangers of vaping and how it can increase your risk of cancer.  What Exactly Is Vaping? Vaping involves inhaling an aerosol (commonly called vapor) produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device. These aerosols usually contain: Nicotine Ultrafine particles Volatile organic compounds Heavy metals like nickel, tin, and lead Cancer-causing chemicals such as formaldehyde and acrolein Though marketed as “cleaner” than cigarettes, these ingredients are far from safe.  Vaping and Cancer: What’s the Connection? Many of the chemicals found in vape liquids are known carcinogens, which means they can directly damage DNA and promote the growth of cancer cells. 1. Lung Cancer E-cigarette aerosols contain toxic compounds that can irritate lung tissue and trigger long-term inflammation—a key factor in cancer development. Several studies have shown that prolonged exposure can alter healthy cells, paving the way for lung cancer. 2. Oral and Throat Cancer Vaping increases the risk of oral cancers, especially due to the presence of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. These chemicals attack the lining of the mouth and throat, just like tobacco products. 3. Bladder Cancer Toxins inhaled during vaping can accumulate in the bladder. Research has identified some cancer-causing substances in vape users’ urine, linking vaping to an increased risk of bladder cancer.  The Healius Perspective At Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, our specialists are seeing a disturbing trend: more young people developing early signs of respiratory illnesses, throat inflammation, and abnormal cellular changes linked to vaping. We strongly advocate for early screening and preventive health education, especially among adolescents and young adults.   Vaping Myths—Busted! “It’s just flavored water vapor.” False. The aerosol contains toxic and cancer-causing chemicals—not just water.  “It’s safer than smoking.” Misleading. While vaping may have fewer chemicals than traditional cigarettes, the damage it causes is still significant and potentially long-term.  “It doesn’t affect young people.” Untrue. Youth and teens are more vulnerable as their lungs and brain are still developing, increasing their susceptibility to nicotine addiction and long-term damage. What Can You Do? Educate your children and peers about the real dangers of vaping. If you vape, seek help to quit. There are safe, evidence-based programs available. Get screened. If you’re a regular vaper, talk to our experts about early detection and health monitoring.  Prevention is the Best Protection Your health is your most valuable asset. Don’t trade it for a moment of flavored smoke. At Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, we believe in empowering people with knowledge and preventive care to reduce cancer risks in our community. Book an Appointment

International Yoga Day: The Healing Power of Yoga for Cancer Patients Each year, June 21st is celebrated as International Yoga Day, a global reminder of the ancient Indian practice that harmonizes the body, mind, and spirit. At Healius Cancer & Hematology Clinics, we believe in blending modern medicine with holistic healing approaches—and yoga plays a powerful role in the journey of cancer care and recovery. Why Yoga Matters for Cancer Patients A cancer diagnosis can be physically exhausting and emotionally overwhelming. From managing treatment side effects to coping with fear, stress, and fatigue, the journey is often challenging. Yoga offers gentle yet impactful support throughout this journey. Here’s how: 1. Reduces Stress and Anxiety Breathing exercises and meditation help calm the mind and reduce anxiety levels. This mental peace can improve treatment response and emotional strength. 2. Improves Physical Strength and Flexibility Gentle yoga poses improve blood circulation, strengthen muscles weakened by chemotherapy or radiation, and enhance balance—helping patients regain control over their bodies. 3. Boosts Immunity Practicing yoga regularly can strengthen the immune system, which is crucial for cancer patients whose immunity is often compromised due to treatment. 4. Improves Sleep and Reduces Fatigue Restorative yoga and relaxation techniques enhance the quality of sleep, which is often disrupted during cancer treatment, and help in combating fatigue. 5. Promotes Emotional Well-being Yoga nurtures a sense of inner calm and positivity. It helps patients reconnect with themselves and build resilience during tough times. We understand that healing is not just about treating the disease—it’s about caring for the whole person. Our team encourages patients to explore yoga as a supportive therapy along with their medical treatment. This International Yoga Day, Let’s Embrace Holistic Healing Yoga is more than just exercise—it’s a lifeline for many on their cancer journey. At Healius, we stand by our patients every step of the way, combining cutting-edge cancer treatments with the healing touch of yoga.  Your path to recovery can be stronger, calmer, and more balanced—with yoga. Book an Appointment

Possible Side Effects of Chemotherapy: How to Manage Them and When to CONSULT Your Doctor Chemotherapy is one of the most effective weapons against cancer, but it can affect healthy cells too, causing a range of side effects. These side effects vary by individual, drug type, and dosage. Understanding how to manage them — and when to alert your doctor — is crucial for safe and comfortable treatment. Here are few insights from the team of Healius Cancer and Hematology clinics. Common Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Their Management Fatigue What Happens: Ongoing tiredness, not relieved by rest. Management: Moderate exercise like walking, rest often, conserve energy, and include light activity. Stay hydrated with home-made non-sugary drinks When to CONSULT the Doctor: If fatigue becomes severe or interferes with daily life. Nausea and Vomiting What Happens: Stomach discomfort, vomiting episodes. Management: Take anti-nausea medications, eat bland meals, stay hydrated. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If vomiting is persistent or prevents fluid/food intake. Diarrhea What Happens: Frequent, loose stools due to intestinal lining damage. Management: Eat a low-fiber, bland diet (rice, banana, toast). Stay hydrated with electrolyte drinks. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If diarrhea lasts more than 24 hours, it leads to weakness or dizziness or includes blood. Constipation What Happens: Difficulty passing stools, often due to medications or inactivity. Management: Increase fluids, eat high-fiber foods, and walk regularly. Use stool softeners if recommended. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If no bowel movement for more than 3 days or if pain/bloating is severe. Hair Loss (Alopecia) What Happens: Loss of hair on scalp, eyebrows, and body. Management: Use gentle hair care. Consider scarves, caps, or wigs. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If scalp irritation, rashes, or sores appear. Infections and Low Immunity What Happens: Low white blood cells increase infection risk. Management: Wash hands often, avoid sick contacts, and cook thoroughly. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you develop a fever ≥100.4°F (38°C), chills, or sore throat. Mouth Sores (Mucositis) What Happens: Painful ulcers in the mouth and throat. Management: Use soft toothbrushes, avoid acidic/spicy foods, and rinse with baking soda solution. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If sores prevent eating or cause bleeding. Taste and Smell Changes What Happens: Metallic taste, reduced sense of taste or smell. Management: Use plastic utensils, add flavor-enhancers (lemon, herbs), and try cold foods. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If it leads to poor nutrition or major appetite loss. Appetite and Weight Changes What Happens: Reduced appetite, unintended weight loss or gain. Management: Eat small, frequent meals; consider nutritional supplements. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If weight changes are drastic or you are unable to eat. Neuropathy What Happens: Numbness, tingling, or pain in hands/feet. Management: Avoid extreme temperatures, wear shoes, and monitor sensations. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If it affects walking, gripping, or worsens suddenly. Bleeding and Bruising What Happens: Due to low platelet counts. Management: Use soft toothbrushes, avoid sharp objects or injury risks. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you notice unexplained bruising, nosebleeds, or blood in urine/stool. Organ Function Changes What Happens: Some chemo drugs can affect heart, liver, or kidney function. Management: Regular blood tests and organ monitoring as prescribed. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you experience swelling, shortness of breath, jaundice (yellow skin/eyes), or unusual urine color. Depression and Anxiety What Happens: Emotional distress, sadness, or constant worry. Management: Talk to a counselor, join support groups, and discuss treatment for mental health. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you feel hopeless, overwhelmed, or have thoughts of self-harm. Cognitive Changes (‘Chemo Brain’) What Happens: Memory lapses, foggy thinking, difficulty concentrating. Management: Use reminders, organize your day, get proper rest. When to CONSULT the Doctor: If symptoms worsen or interfere with safety. When to Seek Immediate Medical Help CONSULT your doctor or go to the emergency room if you experience: Fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher Severe vomiting or diarrhea Chest pain or shortness of breath Sudden confusion or extreme fatigue Bleeding that won’t stop Swelling, jaundice, or reduced urine output Suicidal thoughts or severe emotional distress Final Note from Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics Chemotherapy is a journey — physically and emotionally. Most of the times if the Medical Oncologist escalates the dose gradually as tolerated by the patient, the side effects can either be completely prevented or managed in the early phase itself. Most side effects can be managed with early intervention, lifestyle adjustments, and support from our oncology team. Never hesitate to report symptoms and obtain symptomatic relief immediately without procrastinating.  Quick action can make your treatment safer and avoid grave complications.  A stitch in time saves nine.  For more information, appointments, or referrals, visit https://healiuscancerhematology.com/ Book an Appointment